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NEW QUESTION # 10
Which is a reason for
and physical security regulations meeting a mixed resistance?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Cybersecurity risks can best be managed individually and in isolation.
- B. There are a limited number of enforced cybersecurity and physical security regulations.
- C. Regulations are voluntary documents.
- D. Regulations contain only informative elements.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Cybersecurity and physical security regulations are intended to provide guidance and requirements for protecting industrial control systems from various threats and risks. However, these regulations may face mixed resistance from different stakeholders for various reasons. One of the reasons is that there are a limited number of enforced cybersecurity and physical security regulations, especially at the international level. This means that some regions or countries may have more stringent or comprehensiveregulations than others, creating inconsistencies and challenges for cross-border cooperation and compliance. Moreover, some regulations may be outdated or not aligned with the current best practices and standards, such as ISA/IEC
62443, which may limit their effectiveness and applicability. Therefore, some organizations may prefer to follow voluntary standards or frameworks, such as ISA/IEC 62443, rather than mandatory regulations, as they may offer more flexibility and adaptability to the specific needs and contexts of each industrial control system. References:
* ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Industrial Control System, page 3
* Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standard to Secure Your Control System, page 9
NEW QUESTION # 11
Which is the PRIMARY reason why Modbus over Ethernet is easy to manaqe in a firewall?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Modbus is a proprietary protocol that is widely supported by vendors.
- B. Modbus has no known security vulnerabilities, so firewall rules are simple to implement.
- C. Modbus uses explicit source and destination IP addresses and a sinqle known TCP port.
- D. Modbus uses a single master to communicate with multiple slaves usinq simple commands.
Answer: C
Explanation:
According to the ISA/IEC 62443-2-4 standard, a training and security awareness program should include all personnel who have access to the industrial automation and control system (IACS) or who are involved in its operation, maintenance, or management. This includes vendors and suppliers, employees, temporary staff, contractors, and visitors. The purpose of the program is to ensure that all personnel are aware of the security risks and policies related to the IACS, and that they have the necessary skills and knowledge to perform their roles in a secure manner. The program should also cover the roles and responsibilities of different personnel, the reportingprocedures for security incidents, and the best practices for security hygiene. References:
* ISA/IEC 62443-2-4:2015 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-4: Security program requirements for IACS service providers1
* ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Training Course2
NEW QUESTION # 12
Safety management staff are stakeholders of what security program development?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. CSA
- B. ERM
- C. SPRP
- D. CSMS
Answer: D
Explanation:
Safety management staff are stakeholders of the CSMS, which stands for Cybersecurity Management System. The CSMS is a framework for managing the cybersecurity of industrial automation and control systems (IACS) based on the ISA/IEC 62443-2-1 standard1. The CSMS defines the objectives, policies, metrics, and governance for the overall ICS security program2. The CSMS also includes the processes for risk assessment, security design, implementation, monitoring, and improvement3. Safety management staff are involved in the CSMS development and implementation, as they are responsible for ensuring the safety of the IACS and the people, environment, and assets that depend on it. Safety management staff need to coordinate with the security management staff to align the safety and security requirements, identify and mitigate the safety risks arising from cyber threats, and monitor and respond to safety incidents caused by cyberattacks.
References:
* 1: ISA/IEC 62443-2-1: Establishing an Industrial Automation and Control Systems Security Program, ISA, 2010.
* 2: A Practical Approach to Adopting the IEC 62443 Standards - ISAGCA
* 3: ISA ISA-IEC-62443 ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Online Training - Exam4Training
* [4]: Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Control System, ISA, 2018.
NEW QUESTION # 13
How many element qroups are in the "Addressinq Risk" CSMS cateqorv?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 14
What type of security level defines what a component or system is capable of meeting?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Target security level
- B. Achieved security level
- C. Capability security level
- D. Design security level
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 15
Which of the following PRIMARILY determines access privileges for user accounts?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Authorization security policy
- B. Common practice
- C. Technical capability
- D. Users' desire for ease of use
Answer: A
Explanation:
Authorization security policy is the primary factor that determines access privileges for user accounts. Authorization security policy is the function of specifying access rights or privileges to resources, which is related to general information security and computer security, and to accesscontrol in particular1.
Authorization security policy defines who can access what resources, under what conditions, and for what purposes. Authorization security policy should be aligned with the business objectives and security requirements of the organization, and should be enforced by appropriate mechanisms and controls. Authorization security policy should also be reviewed and updated regularly to reflect changes in the environment, threats, and risks2. Authorization security policy is an essential part of the ISA/IEC 62443 standard, which provides a framework for securing industrial automation and control systems (IACS). The standard defines four security levels (SL) that represent the degree of protection against threats, and specifies the security capabilities that should be implemented for each SL. The standard also provides guidance on how to conduct a security risk assessment, how to define security zones and conduits, and how to apply security policies and procedures to the IACS environment34 . References:https://bing.com/search?q=authorization+security+policy
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/security/authorization/policies?view=aspnetcore-7.0
NEW QUESTION # 16
Which layer specifies the rules for Modbus Application Protocol
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Presentation layer
- B. Application layer
- C. Session layer
- D. Data link layer
Answer: B
Explanation:
The Modbus Application Protocol is a messaging protocol that provides client/server communication between devices connected on different types of buses or networks. It is positioned at level 7 of the OSI model, which is the application layer. The application layer is the highest level of the OSI model and defines the rules and formats for data exchange between applications. The Modbus Application Protocol is independent of the underlying communication layers and can be implemented using different transport protocols, such as TCP/IP, serial, or Modbus Plus. The Modbus Application Protocoldefines the function codes, data formats, and error codes for Modbus transactions123 References:
* MODBUS APPLICATION PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION V1
* Modbus - Wikipedia
* Overview of Modbus - EPICS support for Modbus - GitHub Pages
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which statement is TRUE reqardinq application of patches in an IACS environment?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Patches never should be applied in an IACS environment.
- B. Patches should be applied based on the organization's risk assessment.
- C. Patches should be applied as soon as they are available.
- D. Patches should be applied within one month of availability.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Patches are software updates that fix bugs, vulnerabilities, or improve performance or functionality. Patches are important for maintaining the security and reliability of an IACS environment, but they also pose some challenges and risks. Applying patches in an IACS environment is not as simple as in an IT environment, because patches may affect the availability, integrity, or safety of the IACS. Therefore, patches should not be applied blindly or automatically, but based on the organization's risk assessment. The risk assessment should consider the following factors: 1
* The severity and likelihood of the vulnerability that the patch addresses
* The impact of the patch on the IACS functionality and performance
* The compatibility of the patch with the IACS components and configuration
* The availability of a backup or recovery plan in case the patch fails or causes problems
* The testing and validation of the patch before applying it to the production system
* The communication and coordination with the stakeholders involved in the patching process
* The documentation and auditing of the patching activities and results References: ISA TR62443-2-3 - Security for industrial automation and control systems, Part 2-3: Patch management in the IACS environment
NEW QUESTION # 18
What is the name of the protocol that implements serial Modbus over Ethernet?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. MODBUS/TCP
- B. MODBUS/CIP
- C. MODBUS/Plus
- D. MODBUS/Ethernet
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 19
Which activity is part of establishing policy, organization, and awareness?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Implement countermeasures.
- B. Establish the risk tolerance.
- C. Identify detailed vulnerabilities.
- D. Communicate policies.
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 20
Which activity is part of establishing policy, organization, and awareness?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Implement countermeasures.
- B. Establish the risk tolerance.
- C. Identify detailed vulnerabilities.
- D. Communicate policies.
Answer: D
Explanation:
According to the ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist course, establishing policy, organization, and awareness is one of the four steps of the IACS cybersecurity lifecycle. This step involves defining the cybersecurity policies, roles, and responsibilities, as well as communicating them to the relevant stakeholders. It also involves establishing the risk tolerance level, which is the acceptable level of risk for the organization. Communicating policies and establishing the risk tolerance are both activities that are part of this step. Identifying detailed vulnerabilities and implementing countermeasures are activities that belong to the next steps of the lifecycle, which are assessing the current situation and implementing the cybersecurity program, respectively. References: ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist course, Module 2:
IACS Cybersecurity Lifecycle1
NEW QUESTION # 21
Which of the following is an activity that should trigger a review of the CSMS?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. New technical controls
- B. Security incident exposing previously unknown risk.
- C. Organizational restructuring
- D. Budgeting
Answer: A,B,C
Explanation:
According to the ISA/IEC 62443-2-1 standard, a review of the CSMS should be triggered by any changes that affect the cybersecurity risk of the industrial automation and control system (IACS), such as new technical controls, organizational restructuring, or security incidents1. Budgeting is not a trigger for CSMS review, unless it impacts the cybersecurity risk level or the CSMS itself2. References: 1: ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2010, Section 4.3.3.3 2: A Practical Approach to Adopting the IEC 62443 Standards, ISAGCA Blog3
NEW QUESTION # 22
What.are the two elements of the risk analysis category of an IACS?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Risk evaluation and risk identification
- B. Business recovery and risk elimination or mitigation
- C. Business rationale and risk reduction and avoidance
- D. Business rationale and risk identification and classification
Answer: D
Explanation:
The risk analysis category of an IACS consists of two elements: business rationale and risk identification and classification1. Business rationale is the process of defining the scope, objectives, and criteria for the risk analysis, as well as the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders involved. Risk identification and classification is the process of identifying the assets, threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences of a cyberattack on the IACS, and assigning a risk level to each scenario based on the likelihood and impact of the attack1. These elements are essential for establishing a baseline of the current risk posture of the IACS and determining the appropriate risk treatment measures to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. References: 1:
ISA/IEC 62443-3-2:2020, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-2: Security risk assessment for system design, International Society of Automation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2020.
NEW QUESTION # 23
In an IACS system, a typical security conduit consists of which of the following assets?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Controllers, sensors, transmitters, and final control elements
- B. Power lines, cabinet enclosures, and protective grounds
- C. Ferrous, thickwall, and threaded conduit including raceways
- D. Wiring, routers, switches, and network management devices
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 24
Which type of cryptographic algorithms requires more than one key?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Asymmetric (public) key
- B. Block ciphers
- C. Stream ciphers
- D. Symmetric (private) key
Answer: A
Explanation:
Asymmetric (public) key algorithms are a type of cryptographic algorithms that require more than one key. Asymmetric key algorithms use a pair of keys, one for encryption and one for decryption, that are mathematically related but not identical1. The encryption key is usually made public, while the decryption key is kept private. This allows anyone to encrypt a message using the public key, but only the intendedrecipient can decrypt it using the private key1. Asymmetric key algorithms are also known as public key algorithms or public key cryptography1. Asymmetric key algorithms are used for various purposes, such as digital signatures, key exchange, and encryption2. Some examples of asymmetric key algorithms are RSA, Diffie-Hellman, ElGamal, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography2.
References: Asymmetric Algorithm or Public Key Cryptography - IBM, Cryptography 101: Key Principles, Major Types, Use Cases & Algorithms | Splunk.
NEW QUESTION # 25
Who must be included in a training and security awareness program?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Vendors and suppliers
- B. All personnel
- C. Employees
- D. Temporary staff
Answer: B
Explanation:
Modbus over Ethernet, also known as Modbus/TCP, is a protocol that encapsulates the Modbus/RTU data string inside the data section of the TCP frame. It then sets up a client/server exchange between nodes, using TCP/IP addressing to establish connections1. This makes it easy to manage in a firewall, because the firewall can filter the traffic based on the source and destination IP addresses and the TCP port number. The default TCP port for Modbus/TCP is 502, but it can be changed if needed. Modbus/TCP does not use any other ports or protocols, so the firewall rules can be simple and specific. References:
* 8: Open Modbus/TCP Specification, RTA Automation, 2010.
* [9]: Modbus Application Protocol Specification V1.1b3, Modbus Organization, 2012.
NEW QUESTION # 26
Which is the BEST deployment system for malicious code protection?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. IACS protocol converters
- B. Zones and conduits
- C. Network segmentation
- D. Application whitelistinq (AWL) OD.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 27
How many element qroups are in the "Addressinq Risk" CSMS cateqorv?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: B
Explanation:
The "Addressing Risk" CSMS category consists of three element groups: Security Policy, Organization and Awareness; Selected Security Countermeasures; and Implementation of Security Program1. These element groups cover the aspects of defining the security objectives, roles and responsibilities, policies and procedures, awareness and training, security countermeasures selection and implementation, and security program execution and maintenance1. The "Addressing Risk" CSMS category aims to reduce the security risk to an acceptable level by applying appropriate security measures to the system under consideration (SuC)1. References: 1: ISA/IEC 62443-2-1: Security for industrial automation and control systems:
Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which statement is TRUE regarding Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Modern IDS recognize IACS devices by default.
- B. They are very inexpensive to design and deploy.
- C. They require a small amount of care and feeding
- D. They are effective against known vulnerabilities.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 29
Which is an important difference between IT systems and IACS?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. The IACS security priority is integrity.
- B. IACS cybersecurity must address safety issues.
- C. Routers are not used in IACS networks.
- D. The IT security priority is availability.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 30
What is a feature of an asymmetric key?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Has lower network overhead
- B. Shares the same key OD.
- C. Uses a continuous stream
- D. Uses different keys
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 31
Which is a reason for
and physical security regulations meeting a mixed resistance?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Cybersecurity risks can best be managed individually and in isolation.
- B. There are a limited number of enforced cybersecurity and physical security regulations.
- C. Regulations are voluntary documents.
- D. Regulations contain only informative elements.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 32
Which analysis method is MOST frequently used as an input to a security risk assessment?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)
- B. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
- C. Job Safety Analysis(JSA)
- D. System Safety Analysis(SSA)
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 33
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